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+[[!meta title="Complete mtDNA of Ciona intestinalis reveals extensive gene rearrangement and the presence of an atp8 and an extra trnM gene in ascidians."]]
+[[!tag mitochondrion]]
+
+J Mol Evol. 2004 Apr;58(4):376-89 doi:10.1007/s00239-003-2559-6
+
+Gissi C, Iannelli F, Pesole G.
+
+Complete mtDNA of Ciona intestinalis reveals extensive gene rearrangement and the presence of an atp8 and an extra trnM gene in ascidians.
+
+[[!pmid 15114417 desc="Gene order varies even within the _Ciona_ genus. A short _atp8_ gene is found in _Ciona_ and _Halocynthia_."]]
recent introgression then happened 15,000 years ago ([[Roux and coll.,
2013|biblio/23564941]]).
+Mitochondrial gene order differs even within the _Ciona_ genus ([[Gissi,
+Iannelli and Pesole 2004|biblio/15114417]]).
+
_Ciona savignyi_ uses the same mitochodrial genetic code as of other ascidians
studied before ([[Yokobori, Watanabe and Oshima, 2003|biblio/14738316]]).
- Another case, unrelated, of reassignment to glycin is know: UGA -> Gly in
SR1 bacteria ([[Campbell and coll, 2013|biblio/23509275]]).
-### Gene order
+### Genes
+
+ - All protein-coding genes are transcribed from the same strand. See for
+ instance ([[Gissi, Iannelli and Pesole, 2004|biblio/15114417]]).
- _cox2_ and _cytb_ are usually adjascent in tunicates, but they were found
to be separated in the ascidians _Herdmania momus_ ([[Singh and coll,
2009|biblio/19922605]]) or _Lissoclinum patella_ ([[Kwan and coll,
2014|biblio/24788869]]).
+ - Contrary to statements in some early publication, the _atp8_ gene can be
+ found in ascidians ([[Gissi, Iannelli and Pesole, 2004|biblio/15114417]]).
+
### Transcription