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+[[!meta title="How fast is the sessile ciona?"]]
+[[!tag Ciona speciation]]
+
+Berná L, Alvarez-Valin F, D'Onofrio G.
+
+Comp Funct Genomics. 2009;2009:875901. doi:10.1155/2009/875901
+
+How fast is the sessile ciona?
+
+[[!pmid 20052388 desc="“Tajima’s test results [...] for the great majority of the alignments, _Ciona_ genes evolve faster than those of all vertebrate groups[...].” “On the average, _Ciona_ evolves 50% faster than all vertebrates, with the exception of _O. anatinus_ and _M. domestica_.” “The divergence between _C. intestinalis_ and _C. savignyi_ was reestimated and found to took place ~184 (±15) My ago.”"]]
_C. intestinalis_ and _C. savignyi_ can cross-fertilise after removal of the
vitelline enveloppe ([[Byrd and Lambert, 2000|biblio/10602281]]). They are
-estimated to have diverged 122 ± 33 million years ago ([[Delsuc and coll.,
-2018|biblio/29653534]]).
+estimated to have diverged ~184 (±15) My ago based on protein sequence
+comparisons and estimation of the acceleration of the molecular clock in
+tunicates [[Berná, Alvarez-Valin and D'Onofrio, 2009|biblio/20052388]] or
+122 ± 33 million years ago based on sequence analysis of 258 proteins from 63
+species ([[Delsuc and coll., 2018|biblio/29653534]]).
_Ciona robusta_'s sperm can efficiently fertilise _C. intestinalis_ eggs, but
the fertilisation rates are much lower in the reciprocal crosses ([[Suzuki,
[[!meta title="pages tagged speciation"]]
-[[!inline pages="tagged(speciation)" actions="no" archive="yes"
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+[[!inline pages="tagged(speciation)" limit=0]]