Ciona

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+[[!meta title="Morphological evidence that the molecularly determined Ciona intestinalis type A and type B are different species: Ciona robusta and Ciona intestinalis."]]
+[[!tag Ciona species]]
+
+Brunetti, R. , Gissi, C. , Pennati, R. , Caicci, F. , Gasparini, F. and Manni, L. 
+
+J Zoolog Syst Evol Res, 2015, 53: 186-193. doi:10.1111/jzs.12101
+
+Morphological evidence that the molecularly determined Ciona intestinalis type A and type B are different species: _Ciona robusta_ and _Ciona intestinalis_.
+
+[[!doi 10.1111_jzs.12101 desc="Discriminates C. robusta from C. intestinalis by the presence of tubercular prominences in the tunic."]]

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@@ -25,13 +25,18 @@ were F1 and of _C. int_ maternal origin.
 Comparison of mitochnodrial CO1 sequences show that _C. intestinalis_ types A
 and B (now renamed _robusta_ and _intestinalis sensu_) are as distant as
 distinct species ([[Nydam and Harrison,
-2007|biblio/10.1007_s00227-007-0617-0]]).  Mitochondrial gene order differ
-between the two species ([[Ianelli and coll., 2007|biblio/17640763]]).
-Sequencing of nuclear genes showed intragenic recombination in _C. robusta_ and
-_C. intestinalis_, buy supported monophyly of these two species.  Both data
-also supported paraphyly of _C. intestinalis_ with respcet to _C. roulei_
-([[Nydam and Harrison, 2010|biblio/20403444]]).  Speciation is estimated to
-have happened during the Pliocene (≈ 3.8 Ma); a recent introgression then
-happened 15,000 years ago ([[Roux and coll., 2013|biblio/23564941]]).
+2007|biblio/10.1007_s00227-007-0617-0]]).  [[Caputi and coll.,
+2007|biblio/17517633]] and others proposed to use some pigmentation differences
+as a morphological marker.  In 2015, [[Brunetti and
+coll|biblio/10.1111_jzs.12101]] proposed the presence of “tubercular
+prominences” in the tunic as a more accurate morphological marker.
+Mitochondrial gene order differ between the two species ([[Ianelli and coll.,
+2007|biblio/17640763]]).  Sequencing of nuclear genes showed intragenic
+recombination in _C. robusta_ and _C. intestinalis_, buy supported monophyly of
+these two species.  Both data also supported paraphyly of _C. intestinalis_
+with respcet to _C. roulei_ ([[Nydam and Harrison, 2010|biblio/20403444]]).
+Speciation is estimated to have happened during the Pliocene (≈ 3.8 Ma); a
+recent introgression then happened 15,000 years ago ([[Roux and coll.,
+2013|biblio/23564941]]).
 
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