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+[[!meta title="Urochordates are monophyletic within the deuterostomes."]]
+[[!tag Oikopleura tunicate]]
+
+Syst Biol. 2000 Mar;49(1):52-64 doi:10.1080/10635150050207384
+
+Swalla BJ, Cameron CB, Corley LS, Garey JR.
+
+Urochordates are monophyletic within the deuterostomes.
+
+[[!pmid 12116483 desc="Places appendicularians as sister to all other tunicates, but notes that long branches raise uncertaincies."]]
Phylogeny
---------
+ - 18S rDNA phylogeny of [[Swalla and coll., 2000|biblio/12116483]] places
+ larvaceans sister to all tunicates.
- Based on 18S rRNA sequences from 110 species including 4 Oikopleuridae, this
clade is sister of Stolidobranchia (that is, not basal in Tunicates).
Stolidobranchia. Nevertheless, it might be an artefact of AT-richness or
long-branch attraction ([[Tsagkogeorga et al, 2009|biblio/19656395]]).
- Studies based on 146 genes in 28 species ([[Delsuc et al., 2006|biblio/16495997]])
and then 258 orthologous proteins from 63 species ([[Delsuc et al., 2018|biblio/29653534]])
- show that Oikopleuridae is basal to all other tunicates.
+ show that Oikopleuridae is sister to all other tunicates.
- “The difference between coding sequences was considerably higher in
comparisons between strains of different oceans than within the Bergen gene
pool. We ignore whether and how Oikopleura dioica is subdivided into multiple